AFARQAAD KALE:

Waxa aynu hore u tiraabnay Qeexaalka Guud Ee Af: Oo aynu afar xubnood ku koobnay:

1- EREYO, 2- DHAWAQ, 3- DHADHAN, 4- DHISMAYN.

Waxa aynu sii afarqaadaynaa sisibahaas afaran ee aynu afka ku soo koobnay garashadiisa ama barashadiisa. Waa ay jiraan qeexniinno kale oo af lagu qeexan karo, waxaa kaloo la dhahaa waa LAAC WARGUDASHO = Medium Of Communication,:

HAB summaddo u ah ifaalleynta aqoonta ama wargudashadooda Aadmiga…, etc(iwm)- waxa se aynu ku saljoogaynaa sisibahaas afaran oo aynu ku sii ambaqaadaynaa faallooyin iyo faahfaahinno tafatiran.

EREYO = MIDHO = ARRAH:

Waxaa laga sii ambaqaadaa Diiwaanka Ereyada oo lagu magacaabo Qaamuus, Ereykoobe, Afsuud( Suud = Hubsiimo), Arrahsuud(Lexicon). Midhaha afka marka la diiwaangeliyo waxa kaloo aynu dhahaynaa MIDHAMUUL=Vocabulary: (Muul= Waa erey Carabi-Soomaali ah oo ka dhigan ku buuxsanaan/ku-dhamaan).

Waxa aynu hadda tiraabaynaa ARRAH= Dhaqan ahaan, soojireen ahaan, haweenka ayaa arrahsan jiray, taasoo ka dhigan …Waa ay midho-guran jireen!

Xaga kasmada ARRAH waa midh erey ah, oo ah erey sixin, saafiya, asal-Soomaali ah, halka Midhamuulku tilmaamayo ereyada afka ee adeegsan, kuwaasoo isugu jiri kara kuwo asal-Soomaali ah, iyo kuwo asal-qalaadood ah. Sidaas darteed ARRAHU waa midhaha sixin ee afka haybtiisa odoleeya(constitutes). Waxa erey-tiraabeedkan aynu ka tarsanaynaa:-

LEXIS = Arrah

LEXICAL = Arraheed

LEXEME = Arrahti

LEXICON = Arrahsuud

LEXICOLOGY = Arrahgarad/Arrahgaran/Arrahkasyo

LEXICOGRAPHY = Arrahqorniin

Waxa aynu qeexaynaa:-

LEXEME(ARRAHTI): Waa unnugta ugu yare e ku tirsan midhamuul af.Tusaale:- IF..QOR..QAAD

DHAWAQA:

PHONETICS = DHAWAQTAN

PHONOLOGY = Dhawaqgarad/Dhawaqgaran/Dhawaqkasyo

PHONEME = DHAWAQTI: Waa haltida ugu yar ee ku sudgaaran cod soo saarka Aadmiga, taasoo ka adeegta dunaandayista micnaha.

DHADHANKA:

SEMANTICS = DHADHANTAN-ka

SEMEME = DHADHANTI: Waa unnugta ugu yar micne ee loo tixgeliyo marka la lifafgurayo dhadhantankiisa afka.

F.G.(N.B.): Ha ku laqbudin DHADHAMO = TASTE, - DHADHAMOOYIN = TASTES: Oo ahaada shanta lagu barto Halgedda Anoolka(The Biology): 1-Macaan(Sweet),

2- Qadhaadh(Bitter) , 3- Dhanaan(Sour), 4- Cusbood(Salty), 5- Ladaadyo(Umami)-[e.g.Delicious Food = Cunto Ladaadyo leh.]

DHISMAYN:

Waxaa muhiim ah: Kala-ogaanshaha, kala garashada ama kala-barashada Qoodadka Ereyada(Word Classes): Oo ah Qanqeybaha wax-hadalka(Parts Of Speech): Sida in erey qoodkiisu yahay MAGAC(NOUN), FAL(VERB), SITAAN(ADJECTIVE) iwm.

Qeybta ugu muhiimsan garashada afka ama barashada afka waa qeybtan DHISMAYNTA(Construction):  Waxa aynu soo garanay ama baranay EREYADII, DHAWAQOODII iyo DHADHANKOODII oo ah micnayaashoodii, inta ba waxaa ka muhiimsan DHISMAYNTOODII si aynu u soo saarno:

TARAB = CLAUSE

TIBAAX/TIRAAB = PHRASE/TERM

WEEDH = SENTENCE

Waxa aynu qeybtan ku magacaabnay:-

SYNTAX = TAXDI-da: Waa habka quman ee ereyada la iskugu daba-taxo.

SYNTACTIC = TAXDIYEED

SYNTACTICS = TAXDIYEYN-ta

Dhismaynta waxaa ku xindiyan(Conditioned by) barashada GAREEF-ka AF-ka [GARAAD waa halka uu dhurto EREYTIRAAB-ka Haboon Ee Aan U Dhigayo GAREEF-ka LAQAD SOOMAALIGA ahaan]  (GAREEF-ka...adeegsi The Grammar)-ka afka aynu kolba u gol-leenahay, barashadaas dabadeed waxaa inoo suuroobaysa inaynu si raabaqaadan iskugu taxno ereyadii afka, inagoo aqoonsan ama garanayna XEERAR-ka aynu tixgelinayno, si aynu u soo saarno WEEDH QUMAN(Correct Sentence) oo aynu iskaga jirno WEEDH QARBUDAN(Incorrect Sentence).

MORPHOLOGY = GEDBISKA-[SSARFI(Carabi)]:
* The Study Of Word And Term Formation And The Variations They Undergo In Discourse.
* Waa Barashada Erey Ama Tiraab Samaysmadka Iyo Gedgedoonka Ay Soo Maraan Marka Hadalka.

Derivational Morphology = Gedbiska Dhiraandhirmeed: Waa hababka nudubaynta(Affixation) ee gedeeya EREY kale iyadoo HORKABME, DIBKABME ama DHEXKABME uu raacayo salkii hore ee ereyga. Tusaale:- FOG+AAD = Distance.

Inflectional Morphology = Gedbiska Gedarogrogeed: Waa suubaabinta(The Modification-)-erey lagu gedeeyo kaasoo ahaa Erey Magac oo keli-ah – lagana dhigo Erey Magac wadar ah, ama Erey Fal ah – oo loo gedeeyo si Tagto(Past), ama Timaaddo(Future).

MORPHEME = GEDEYNTI: Waa unnugta ugu yar ee micne gedaysa ee leh falmoonaan Garaad.